Glossary
actual damages—Costs directly related to an injury (medical expenses, lost wages, and so on).
advantage seeding—A type of seeding that gives the best ranked seed a slightly easier schedule than the second seed, and so on. For example, the semi-finals, Seed 1 competes against Seed 4 while Seed 2 competes against Seed 3.
administration—Running or operating specific programming components. For example, league administration involves promotion, budgeting, preparing playing schedules, organizing the officiating, tabulating results, and evaluation.
advertising—A specific tool for raising people’s awareness about an intramural program or activity that typically involves media. Advertising is a component of promotion.
annual awards—Awards given in recognition of a unique contribution to the intramural program. These contributions can be a special one-time effort or a season- or year-long effort. Annual awards are cumulative. That is, they are tracked throughout the year and presented at its completion
appellant—Someone who loses in court and appeals the court’s decision to a higher court.
appellee—Someone who wins in court and against whom the appellant appeals.
assumption of risk—Voluntarily assuming responsibility for risks inherent in an activity.
athletics—A game in which players are more committed to winning than to the spirit of play. Athletics usually takes the form of formalized competition between schools and involves practices, coaches, rulebooks, and so on.
balanced budget—A budget in which expenses equal revenue.
Banner—A small sign on a Web page that is typically used as advertising space for a company.
bracket—A graphic illustration of where entries advance when they win and in the case of double elimination, where the first-time losers go.
brainstorming—A method of idea generation that involves such things as solving specific problems and developing new ideas through unrestricted participation in discussion.
budget—A statement of financial position or the amount of money available for a particular purpose.
budgeting—The process of keeping track of revenue and expenses.
bye—The position of a top-ranked tournament entry that advances to the next round without playing.
campus recreation—An umbrella term that includes intramural and extramural programs.
claimant—The person filing for compensation in a legal action.
consent form—An authorization, usually signed by a parent or guardian, permitting a child to participate in some activity.
contests—Activities that are interspersed throughout the year to generate interest in an intramural program and to attract students who might not normally participate in competitive leagues and tournaments. Contests usually have a competitive element to them (trying to sink a basket or putt a ball into a hole), whereas something like a special event usually does not (get a bus load of students to go skiing or watch a professional sporting event).
convener—An official who is responsible for running an event, including special events, leagues, and tournaments.
defamation—Spoken (slander) or written (libel) communication that is false and holds the subject of the statement up to public ridicule.
default—This is when a team declares ahead of time that it is unable to be present at the scheduled time of their game. Defaults result when a team notifies the intramural office (or league covener) 48 hours ahead of time.
defendant—Someone who is being sued and must defend against the plaintiff’s claims.
deficit budget—A budget in which expenses are greater than revenue and the budget has a negative balance (“in the red”).
direct expenses—Costs that result directly from the intramural program. For example, an aerobics instructor’s hourly wage of $12.50 is a direct expense.
dismissal—When a judge refuses to hear further evidence about a case because it is fraudulent or specious on its face.
divisions—Separate pools of tournament and league entries that are sometimes divided by area (the engineering division) or by playing level (junior and senior division, or a recreational and competitive division).
double elimination—A tournament like single elimination, except entries keep playing until they lose twice.
draft—The process of team captains selecting from eligible players who have registered to participate.
draw—The placement of entries onto a tournament bracket sheet or league schedule.
employment contract—A formal letter or document that commits a hiree to perform his or her work responsibilities and outlines the role of the institution and program staff.
entry—Teams or individual scheduled to compete in a tournament or league.
equal opportunity—A component of inclusion that involves ensuring everyone an opportunity to participate.
equitable seeding—A type of seeding in which the top seed’s schedule is as difficult as the second seed’s, and so forth. For example, in the semi-finals Seed 1 competes against Seed 3, while Seed 2 competes against Seed 4—both two seeds apart.
expenses—Money spent for the program, including the cost of salaries, facility rental, equipment, office and event supplies, travel, and promotion.
extended tournament—These tournaments can carry on indefinitely and can often be self-monitoring. Typically they involve players challenging others of slightly higher ability. Should the challenger win, the winner and loser exchange places. Ladder and pyramid tournaments are common types of extended tournaments.
extramural programs—Organized recreational activities that take place off campus. Typically, extramural activities involve informal competition between schools.
extrinsic reward—A prize, trophy, pat on the back, or other external motivation to participate in intramurals. People who are extrinsically motivated seek the win, the prize, the pat on the back from friends and spectators, and so on.
facility audit—A regularly scheduled and thorough site review to evaluate facility safety hazards and protective equipment.
fair play—A way of thinking that incorporates concepts of friendship, respect for others, and always playing within the right spirit.
forecasting—The process of estimating revenue and expenses.
forfeit—This occurs when a team does not show at the time of the event and has not given adequate advance notice.
formal evaluation—The systematic collection of data for the purposes of measuring performance and making improvements to the intramural program.
formative evaluation—Any evaluation that is used to help a person improve.
free agents—Individual intramural participants who wish to play on a team but cannot find a team to play on.
fund-raising—The activity of raising money. Fund-raising activities typically include special campaigns and events that people pay to participate in.
game—An activity in which participants attempt to accomplish a specific task by agreeing to overcome unnecessary obstacles.
gross negligence—Conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether injury results.
harassment—One or a series of bothersome comments or conduct that is known or might reasonably be known to be unwelcome or unwanted, offensive, intimidating, hostile, or inappropriate.
head officials—Officials responsible for successfully recruiting, training, managing, and evaluating officials.
house—A competitive group to which participants are assigned by dividing the student body equally in several large groups. When a house is scheduled to compete, anyone from that house is welcome to participate.
inclusion—A spirit in which everyone feels encouraged to participate regardless of such personal characteristics as ethnicity, age, gender, disability, fitness level, and so on.
indirect expenses—Costs not directly related to an intramural program, for example, training.
informal evaluation—A nonsystematic collection of data for the purposes of measuring performance and making improvements to the intramural program.
intentional wrongdoing—The intent to do harm.
intramural council—A group of students (volunteer or recruits) who help with the leadership to and implementation of intramural programs at many institutions. Intramural councils operate under the leadership of the intramural director.
intramural program—The entire intramural program, including both the programming and the staff, volunteers, and procedures responsible for implementing that programming.
intramural programming—All organized recreational and physical activities for students and other participants that take place on campus (also called “campus recreation”). Intramural programming can include anything from team sport competitions and recreational games to fitness classes and special intramural events. The term also refers to the act of determining that programming.
intramurals—See intramural programs.
intrinsic reward—Personal satisfaction, pride, and other internal motivation feelings that motivate participation in intramurals. People who are intrinsically motivated participate just for the fun of it, not for prizes, trophies, and other awards.
ladder tournament—An extended tournament in which players are aligned in a ladder formation, one on top of the other, with the strongest entries on top and the weakest entries on the bottom. Players challenge others of slightly higher ability. Should the challenger win, the winner and loser exchange places.
leadership—Stimulating and aiding groups to accept, formulate common goals and to carry out effectively the measures leading to the attainment of those goals.
league—A competitive structure in which teams or individuals compete for a week or more, perhaps an entire school year.
liability—Legal responsibility for injury or damage to another. If found guilty, the defendant may need to pay or make restitution.
mission statement—A precise statement of what an institution wants its intramural program to be.
multilevel—A tournament similar to a single-elimination tournament, except that entries are not eliminated after a loss but instead move into consolation rounds.
negligence—doing something a reasonably prudent person would not do, or not doing something a reasonably prudent person would do, under similar circumstances. In other words, it is the failure to provide an ordinary or reasonable standard of care. Negligence is the most common violation brought against intramural professionals.
ongoing awards—Awards given throughout the year to celebrate regular highlights and achievements throughout the intramural program, including the type of participation an intramural director wishes to support.
open event—An event that is open to either male or female participants (teams are not required to have a specified number of males or females).
open participation—This approach specifies a grade level that the activities are geared for, and attendance is open to anyone from that grade level who wishes to participate.
participation fees—Monies charged students for participating in certain programs or activities, such as aerobics classes or volleyball league.
peer officiating—An intramural volunteer program in which team members officiate other teams’ games.
physical education—In-class instruction of physical activity.
pick-up game—An informal game between a few participants who agree on the game and decide to play.
plaintiff—One who was injured and files a claim in court. Also called “claimant.”
play—A voluntary activity intended to be pursued purely for the fun of the moment.
playful game—A game in which opponents are more committed to the spirit of play than to winning. An example of a playful game might be one-on-one basketball where players don’t keep score and try odd or unusual shots.
play-off—A tournament structure in which the highest-scoring teams or individuals compete to determine an overall champion.
policies—Formal, written declarations, based on the mission statement, that define the parameters necessary to achieve the program’s goals.
polling—Asking specific questions to get feedback, suggestions, opinions, answers, and so on for purpose of evaluation.
professionals—Those who participate in a field for material or other gain or for their livelihood.
programming—See intramural programming.
promotion—Any activity or result of that activity that raises awareness about the intramural program, including specific intramural activities and the benefits of participating.
punitive damages—A court’s award to punish a defendant and prevent the violation from being repeated.
pyramid tournament—An extended tournament in which players are aligned in a pyramid formation, one level on top of the other, with the strongest entries on top and the weakest entries on the bottom. Players can challenge others of slightly higher ability. Should the challenger win, the winner and loser exchange places.
revenue—Money brought into the program from such things as student fees, rentals, fund-raising, and sponsorship.
risk management—The process of limiting dangerous, harmful, and hazardous situations.
round robin—Basically, a schedule is made up before the tournament or league begins in which everyone plays each other one time, regardless of whether teams win or lose any of their games.
round robin double split—A round-robin tournament in which two pools of entries compete.
round robin quadruple split—A round-robin tournament in which four pools of entries compete.
round robin triple split—A round-robin tournament in which three pools of entries compete.
safety audit—A regularly scheduled and thorough site review to evaluate safety hazards, protective equipment, safety procedures, and staff preparedness for dealing with emergencies.
seeding—The process of ranking players according to their ability relative to other entries.
settlement—A reward or solution both parties agree to before or during a trial.
single elimination—A tournament in which an entry must win to advance to the next round. If an entry loses once, that individual or team is eliminated from the tournament.
special events—An event that celebrates something or promotes the intramural program, or an event in which students do something out of the ordinary. Special events are typically one-day events.
speculative damages—Costs the injured party will likely suffer as a result of the injury (future income, medical costs, and so on).
sport—A game in which participants are equally committed to the spirit of play and to winning.
sport club—A group of individuals who join together voluntarily, in a more or less formal organization, for the purpose of participating in a particular sport. Sport clubs in educational institutions are typically student initiated and operated, and largely self-financed.
sportsmanship—Showing fairness and equity to others in play and competition.
spreadsheet—A document with many columns and rows useful for keeping track of budgets.
stacking—teams drafting or otherwise selecting strong players from other teams to strengthen their own team.
standard of care—The basic standard a reasonably prudent individual would expect under the same or similar circumstances.
student fees—Flat fees charged by an institution (typically colleges and universities) for participating in intramurals, recreation, athletics, and other school programs. A portion of these fees are usually allotted for intramural programs.
student intramural association—A student-run group that plans and implements an intramural program or activity. Also called an “athletic association,” these groups are usually self-financed or funded through student fees.
summary judgment—judgement made on the case when there is no dispute about the facts of the case and, therefore, case law is directly applicable.
supervision—In the context of intramural safety, the keeping of order in a game or activity, stopping of fights and other hazardous conduct, and general protection and assurance of safety for all program participants.
surplus budget—A budget in which revenue is greater than expenses and the budget has a positive balance (“in the black”).
Target audience—a group of people with shared characteristics at which promotions, speech, organizational structure, and activities are aimed. The intent is to get more of the target audience involved in intramural programs.
tendering—The process of getting equipment bids from various competing companies for supplying equipment or the execution of work. The process of tendering involves five steps: (1) preparing a document of the specific supplies or work required; (2) identifying appropriate suppliers; (3) obtaining tender offers; (4) evaluating tender offers; and (5) awarding the contract.
tort—Injury to a person or to property, which is compensable under the law. Categories of torts include negligence, gross negligence, and intentional wrongdoing. To justify a legal tort claim, an act (or inaction) must satisfy four elements: (1) There must be a legal duty of care to another person and (2) a breach of that duty; (3) the claimant must have suffered damages; and (4) the damages must have been proximately caused by the breach of duty.
tournament—A competitive structure in which teams or individuals are scheduled to compete over one or two days.
varsity athletics—A voluntary program that offers highly formalized, between school competitions that are oriented toward winning.
waiver—An agreement to waive the right to seek damages from the intramural department, its staff, and the institution should an injury occur while participating in an intramural activity or event.

Bibliography
Academy of Leisure Sciences. 2001. White paper #2: Leisure apartheid. [Online]. Available: www.eas.ualberta.ca/elj/alswp2.html
Alsager, D. 1977. Intramural programming in Ohio high schools. Unpublished manuscript, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.
Amabile, T., and B. Hennessey. 1992. The motivation for creativity in children. In Achievement and motivation, edited by A. Boggiano and T. Pittman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 54-74.
Americans with Disabilities Act. 1990. Public law 101-336, July 26, 1990, 104, Statute 327. [Online]. Available: http://janweb.icdi.wvu.edu/kinder/pages/ada_statute.htm.
Antons, J. 1999. The intramural experience. CIRA Bulletin 25 (3): 11. Used by permission of the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association.
Appenzeller, H. 1994a. College student injured on obstacle course. From the Gym to Jury 6 (1): 6.
Appenzeller, H. 1994b. Student tackled during flag football awarded $99,000. 1994. From the Gym to Jury. 6 (1): 6.
Bailey, D. 2000. Is anyone out there listening? Quest 52 (4): 344-50.
Balady, G. 2000. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippencott Williams and Wilkens.
Bancroft, E. 1917. Jane Allen of the sub team. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield.
Bancroft. E. 1918. Jane Allen: Right guard. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield.
Barbarash, L. 1997. Multicultural games. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Bolo, C. 1999. Special intramural events. The Leader 7 (5): 1. Used with permission of the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association.
Boyles, M. 1996. On officials, fair play, and otherwise sunny days. CIRA Bulletin 22 (3): 3-5.
Brudney, J. Fostering volunteer programs in the public sector. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1990.
Bulfin, D. 1996. Family programming for fun and profit. NIRSA Journal 20 (3): 4-5.
Byl, J. 1990. Formalizing a ladder tournament. NIRSA Journal 15 (1): 41-43.
Byl, J. 1992. A round robin pyramid. NIRSA Journal 16 (2): 41-42.
Byl, J. 1994. A round robin ladder tournament. CAHPER Journal 60 (2): 25-27.
Byl, J. 1994. Coming to terms with play, game, sport, and athletics. In Christianity and leisure: Issues in a pluralistic society, edited by P. Heintzman, G. Van Andel, and T. Visker. Sioux Center, Iowa: Dordt College Press, 155-63.
Byl, J. 1995. Tie-breaking: Minimizing the blow-outs. NIRSA Journal 20 (1): 53.
Byl, J. 1999. Organizing successful tournaments. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Byl, J. 2000. Put your money on the edge. INPUT (March): 4-5.
Byl, J. 2002. Co-ed recreational games. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
Byl, J., and J. VanderWier. 1995. Encouraging fair play in college intramurals. CAHPERD Journal 61 (2): 26-27.
Cai, S. 2000. Physical exercise and mental health: A content integrated approach in coping with college students’ anxiety and depression. Physical Educator 27 (2): 69-76.
Canadian Parks and Recreation Association. 1997. Benefits catalogue. Ottawa: Canadian Parks and Recreation Association.
Cappadonia, P. 1970. Evaluation of vandalism during leisure time in all junior high schools of Utah County, Utah. Master’s thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.
Carroll, L. 1960. Alice’s adventures in wonderland. New York: New American Library.
Chandler, T. 1988. Building character through sport, and striving to win in sport: Values at odds or in concert? In Persons, minds and bodies, edited by S. Ross and L. Charette. North York, Ontario: University Press of Canada, 161-69.
Claris HomePage—the Basics. 2001. [Online]. Available: http://acomp.stanford.edu/acpubs/Docs/claris_homepage/
Cleave, S. 1994. Sport clubs—More than a solution to shrinking dollars and growing demands. NIRSA Journal 18 (3): 30-33.
Cobb, C. 2001. Recognizing impact of sports not rocket science: Common sense dispensed after national summit. National Post (April 30), A1.
Cohen, A. 1991. Crime and punishment. Athletic Business 15 (10): 31-35.
Coleman, D., and S. Iso-Ahola. 1993. Leisure and health: The role of social support and self-determination. Journal of Leisure Research (25): 111-28.
Conlon, D., 1999. Fly on the wall. The Leader 7 (4): 4.
Cooper, N. 1997. Will the defendant please rise: How effective is your risk management plan? NIRSA Journal 21 (2): 34-41.
Cotton, V., W. Kelley, and W. Sedlacek. 1999. Situational characteristics of positive and negative experiences with same race and different race students. [Online]. Available: http://www.naspa.org/resources/complete.cfm?ID=1&display=full.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 1975. Beyond boredom and anxiety: The experience of play in work and games. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Deci, E., and R. Ryan. 1985. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
Dewey, J. 1916. Democracy and education. New York: Macmillan.
Dion, E. 2001. Spirit and game philosophy. CIRA Bulletin 26 (3): 4.
Doyle, P. 1997. Activities for groups of 50 or more. Hamilton, Ontario: Canadian Intramural Recreation Association-Ontario.
Doyle, P. 1998. Awesome asphalt activities. Hamilton, Ontario: CIRA-Ontario.
Doyle, P. 1998. Great gator games. Hamilton, Ontario: Canadian Intramural Recreation Association-Ontario.
Doyle, P. 1998. Schlockey. Hamilton, Ontario: Canadian Intramural Recreation Association-Ontario.
Doyle, P. 1999. Hockey could learn from intramurals. INPUT 18 (8): 2. Used by permission of the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association-Ontario.
Doyle, P., and J. Berry. 1997. Another games book. Hamilton, Ontario: Canadian Intramural Recreation Association-Ontario.
Doyle, P., D. Schei, and B. McFarlane. 1994. Not just another games book. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Intramural Recreation Association.
Drowatzky, K., and J. Drowatzky. 2000. Physical activity and bone mineral density. Clinical Kinesiology 54 (2): 28-35.
Dudenyhoeffer, F. 1997. Life before NIRSA: A brief history of women’s intramurals in the 20th century. NIRSA Journal 21 (2): 3-7.
Ellis, Susan J. 1994. The volunteer recruitment book. Philadelphia: Energize.
European Cultural Co-operation of the Council of Europe. 1992. Code of sports ethics fair play: The winning way. Europe of Cultural Co-operation. [Online]. Available: www.culture.coe.fr/Infocenter/txt/eng/espcod.htm.
Fabian, L. 1982. Leadership development through intramural sports. NIRSA Journal 6 (3): 18-22.
Fair Play Canada. 1994. Fair play—It’s your call! Ottawa, Ontario: Fair Play Canada.
Flanery, T., ed. 1999. National Federation of State High School Associations 1999-2000 rule book for soccer. Indianapolis: National Federation of State High School Associations Publications.
Froelicher, V., and E. Froelicher. 1991. Cardiovascular benefits of physical activity. In Benefits of leisure, edited by B.L. Driver, P.J. Brown, and G.L. Pederson. State College, Pa.: Venture Publishing, 59-72.
Gaskins, D. 1996. A profile of recreational sports student employees. NIRSA Journal 20 (3): 43-77.
Geiger, J. 1997. “Count it!” Officials that don’t miss the call. NIRSA Journal 21 (3): 12-14.
Gobhai, X. 1996. Thoughts on intramurals. CIRA Bulletin 21 (7): 10. Used by permission of the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association.
Graham, P. 1994. The old and the new, the past, present, and future of the NIA. NIRSA Journal 17 (1): 21-22.
Hanniford, G. 1992. Our past: Our heritage. NIRSA Journal 17 (1): 24.
Harackiewicz, J. 1979. The effects of reward contingency and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37: 1352-63.
Harkness, M. 1998. $10,000 jackpot. INPUT (December): 6. Used by permission of the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association-Ontario.
Helm, E.J., W. Sedlacek, and D. Prieto. 1998. The relationship between attitudes toward diversity and overall satisfaction of university students by race. Journal of College Counseling 1: 111-20.
Herzog, A., and W. Rogers. 1981. The structure of subjective well-being in different age groups. Journal of Gerontology 36: 472-79.
Howard, B. 1996. Intramural extravaganza. CIRA Bulletin 22 (1): 11. Used by permission of the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association.
Human Kinetics. 2001. Sport director. [CD.] Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Human Services Institute. 1992. Trying to play together: Competing paradigms in approaches to integration through recreation and leisure. Cambridge, Mass.: Human Services Institute.
Hunter, G., M. Gamman, and D. Hester. 2000. Obesity-prone children can benefit from high-intensity exercise. Strength and Conditioning Journal 22 (1): 51-54.
Hurtes, K., L. Allne, B. Stevens, and C. Lee. 2000. Benefits-based programming: Making an impact on youth. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 18 (1): 34-49.
International Paralympic Committee. 2001. Goalball. [Online]. Available: www.lboro.ac.uk/research/paad/ipc/goalball/goalball.html.
Iso-Ahola, S., A. Graefe, and D. La Verde. 1989. Perceived competence as a mediator of the relationship between high risk sports participation and self-esteem. Journal of Leisure Research 21: 32-39.
Jandris, T. 1980. Possibilities and potentials: High school intramurals. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation 51: 48-50
Johnson, M. 1999. The intramural experience. CIRA Bulletin. 25 (3): 11. Used by permission of the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association.
Johnson, O. 1912 (Reprinted 1968, 1997). Stover at Yale. New Haven: Yale Bookstore.
Keewatin Divisional Board of Education. 1998. Inuit games book. Rankin Inlet, Northwest Territories, Canada, XOC OGO: Keewatin Divisional Board of Education.
Kelly, J. 1983. Leisure identities and interactions. London: Allen and Unwin.
Kensington High School Intramural Department. 1980-1981. Kensington intramurals. Unpublished handbook, Burnaby, British Columbia.
Kestner, J. 1996. Program evaluation for sport directors. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Kleiber, D., and C. Kirshnit. 1991. Sport involvement and identity formation. In Mind-body maturity: Psychological approaches to sport, exercise and fitness, edited by L. Diament. New York: Hemisphere.
Kraus, R. 1985. Recreation leadership today. Chicago: Addison-Wesley.
Lam, L. 1999. The intramural experience. CIRA Bulletin 25 (3): 11. Used by permission of the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association.
Lee, M. 1986. Moral and social growth through sport: The coach’s role. In The growing child in competitive sport, edited by G. Glesson. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 248-55.
Lichtman, B. 1993. Innovative games. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Lichtman, B. 1999. More innovative games. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Lore, J. 1994. A survey of selected collegiate sport club programs. NIRSA Journal 19 (1): 32-35.
Lumpkin, A., and S. Halstead. 1995. North Carolina State University intramural-recreational sports program participants’ satisfaction survey. NIRSA Journal 20 (1): 26-27.
Lundy, K. 1999. Community vs. elite sport: The elusive balance. Sydney, Australia. [Online]. Available: http://www.katelundy.dynamite.com.au/access&.htm.
Mann, T 1999. Volunteer recognition. Recreation Saskatchewan 26 (8): 3.
May, S. 2000. Volunteering—Back to basics. Profile (June/July): 3.
McGregor, I. 1997. Emergency response planning: Are you prepared? NIRSA Journal 21 (3): 24-25.
Mendelson, E. 2001. Adobe Pagemill 3.0. [Online]. Available: http://www.zdnet.com/pcmag/firstlooks/9804/f980423a2.htm.
Midura, D. 1992. Team building through physical challenges. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Midura, D. 1995. More team-building challenges. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Morris, D., and J. Stiehl. 1999. Changing kids’ games. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Mullin, B., S. Hardy, and W. Sutton. 2000. Sport marketing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Murray, C. 1995. Dealing with conflict. [Online]. Available: www.lin.ca/lin/resource/html/bramp3.htm.
National Collegiate Athletic Association. 1999. NCAA soccer rulebook. Indianapolis: National Collegiate Athletic Association.
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). 2000a. Guideline 2H: Blood-borne pathogens and intercollegiate athletics. [Online]. Available: http://www.ncaa.org/sports_sciences/sports_med_handbook/2h.pdf.
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). 2000b. 2001 men’s and women’s basketball rules and interpretations. Indianapolis: The National Collegiate Athletic Association.
Nova Scotia Department of Education. 1978. Intramural programming: A public school guide. Halifax: Nova Scotia Department of Education.
Paffenbarger, R., R. Hyde, and A. Dow. 1991. Health benefits of physical activity. In Benefits of leisure, edited by B.L. Driver, P.J. Brown, and G.L. Pederson. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, 49-57.
Parks and Recreation Ontario. 1999. Together with youth: Planning recreation services for youth at risk. Toronto: Parks and Recreation Ontario.
Peng, S. 1997. The leadership challenge. The Leader 5 (4): 1. Used by permission of the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association.
Perry, H. 1999. Call to order: Meeting rules and procedures for non-profit organizations. Owen Sound, Ontario: Big Bay Publishing.
Phillips, M. 1992. The experience of disability and the dilemma of normalization. In Interpreting disability: A qualitative reader, edited by P. Ferguson, D. Ferguson, and S. Taylor. New York: Teachers College, 213-32.
Pratt, M, C. Macera, and G. Wang. 2000. Higher direct medical costs associated with physical inactivity. Physician and Sportsmedicine 28 (10): 63-70.
Proescher, L. 1996. Participant satisfaction in intramurals. NIRSA Journal 20 (3): 20-24.
Queens Intramurals. 2000. Intramural program overview. [Online.] Available: http://www.phe.queensu.ca/athletics/recreation/intramurals/intramurals.html.
Reich, J., and A. Zantra. 1981. Life events and personal causation: Some relationships with satisfaction and distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41: 1002-12.
Riley, R., and N. Cantu. 1997. Title IX: 25 years of progress. [Online]. Available: www.ed.gov/pubs/TitleIX/part5.html.
Robert, H., S.C. Robert, W.J. Evans, eds. 1991. Robert’s rules of order newly revised. 9th ed. New York: Perseus.
Schwartze, A. 1899. Vassar studies. New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.
Smith, S. 1995. Personal meaning in intramural basketball. NIRSA Journal 20 (1): 36-44.
Statistics Canada. 2001. National longitudinal survey of children and youth: Participation in activities. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
Stein, E. 1985. The first organized intramural event (1869): Princeton University’s cane spree. NIRSA Journal 9 (2): 42-43.
Strong, T., and D. LeFevre. 1996. Parachute games. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Suits, B. 1973. The elements of sport. In The philosophy of sport: A collection of original essays, edited by R.G. Osterhoudt. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 46-63.
Tennessee Tech. 2001. Handbook. [Online]. Available: www.tntech.edu/www/acad/honors/handbook/chap6/chap6.html.
Tharp, L. 1994. The effect Title IX has had on intramural sports. NIRSA Journal 19 (1): 29-31.
Tower, A. 1995. Consider a “spirit of competition” and a rating system for your intramural-recreation programs. NIRSA Journal 20 (1): 46-47.
Tudor-Locke, C., R. Bell, and A. Myers. 2000. Revisiting the role of physical activity and exercise in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 25 (6): 466-91.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1996. Physical activity and health: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Control.
Vanden Boor, M. 2000. Ultimate medical dodgeball. CIRA-Ontario Input (March): 6.
Vandyke, R. 1980. Aggression in sport: Its implications for character building. Quest 32 (2): 201-8.
Varley, J. 1994. Campus recreation protest and conduct board. CIRA Input (December): 7.
Velicer, W., J. Prochaska, J. Fava, G. Norman, and C. Redding. 1998. Smoking cessation and stress management: Applications of the transtheoretical model of behavior change. Homeostasis 38: 216-33.
Wilhite, B., and D. Kleiber. 1992. The effects of Special Olympics participation on community integration. Therapeutic Recreation Journal 26 (4): 9-20.
Williams, D., ed. 1995. Zany activities with a rubber chicken. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Intramural Recreation Association.
Williams, D., ed. 1997. Zany activities with panty hose, boxer shorts, and leotards. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Intramural Recreation Association.

Index
Note: The letters f and t after page numbers indicate figures and tables, respectively.
A
abuse, player  74-75
academic achievement  10
accident report form  72, 73f, 74
active living  184-186
advertising  128, 140-143
age  87, 180
alcohol policy  119
Alsager, D.  10
Amabile, T.  148
Americans With Disabilities Act  92
annual programming schedule  189-194
Antons, J.  10
Appenzeller, H.  117, 118
asphalt game ideas  24
associate director  39
assumption of risk  109, 110, 111f, 114f
awards
annual and ongoing  150-151
ceremonies  149-150
chapter summary exercises on  158-159
cost of  173
event  155-158
Fair Play of the Year award  152
importance of  148
program  151-155
B
Bailey, D.  9
Balady, G.  9
Bancroft, E.  6
Batley, F.  24, 25
Bell, R.  9
benefits of intramurals  8-10
blind players  94
blood policy  118-119
Bolo, C  193
Boyles, M.  67, 74
brainstorming  16
Brudney, J.  56
budget
chapter summary exercises on  176
cost savings  174-175
defined  162
expenses  170-174
revenue  162-169
Bulfin, D.  181
byes  203, 204-205f
Byl, J.  6, 25, 28, 88, 96, 166, 183, 187, 189, 203, 210, 213
C
Cai, S.  9
calendars, intramural  139, 140f, 142
campus recreation, defined  5
Cappadonia, P.  8
captains, team  42-43, 97, 223
Carroll, L.  13
certificates  156, 157f
Chandler, T.  8
character  4-5, 8
Cleave, S.  28, 186, 187
Cobb, C.  8
code of ethics for officials  76, 78, 80f
Cohen, A.  8
Coleman, D.  9
competition
levels of game  6f
as purpose of intramurals  4
confidentiality agreement  44, 46f
Conlon, D.  134
consent forms  109, 113f
contests  27-28, 183
conveners, defined  39, 57-58
Cooper, N.  124
Cotton, V.  95
Csikszentmihalyi, M.  10
D
“day of” details
chapter summary exercises on  227
defaults and forfeits  224-225
facility and equipment  222
promotion  219, 222
scorecards  219, 220f-221f
scoring  225-227
setup  223
sign-in  223-224
signup sheets  216-219
sponsorship and partnership  222
suspensions  227, 228f
Deci, E.  148
defaults and forfeits  224-225
definitions 
basic  5-6
legal concepts  108-109
tournament/league  198
Dewey, J.  7, 8
Dion, E.  226
disability  92-94
double-elimination tournaments  199, 200f, 206t, 209
Dow, A.  9
Doyle, P.  24, 235
Drowatzky, J.  9
Drowatzky, K.  9
Dudenyhoeffer, F.  7
E
eligibility  114-115, 180, 181-182
Ellis, S.  43
employment contract  52, 53f
equipment  26, 124, 171-173
evaluation, program
chapter summary exercises on  236-237, 240
criteria  233-236
five steps in  230
information gathering for  230-233
sample forms  236, 237f-240f
evaluation forms
official  78, 81f
participant  57-58, 59f-60f
program  236, 237f-240f
supervisor’s  58, 61f-63f
tournament implementation  213, 214f
event day. See “day of” details
expenses  170-174
F
Fabian, L.  9
facilities 
available  24-26
cost of  171, 175
on day of event  222
rental of  164
safety of  120-124
fair play
chapter summary exercises on  103
defined  85
inclusion  86-96
policy  99-100
in practice  101-103
sportsmanship  96-99
Fair Play of the Year award  152
female participants  87, 89-90, 91
Festinger  158
fieldtrips  188-189
Flanery, T.  71
forfeits and defaults  224-225
free agents  216
Froehlicher, E.  9
Froehlicher, V.  9
fun  4, 9, 235
fund-raising  162, 164-167
G
Gamble, R.  8
game, defined  5-6
Gamman, M.  9
Gaskins, D.  89
Geiger, J.  70, 74
Gobhai, X.  10
Graefe, A.  10
Graham, P.  95, 96
gymnasiums  24-26, 120, 123f
H
Halstead, S.  236
handbook  241-246
Hanniford, G.  7
Harackiewicz, J.  148
harassment and discrimination policy  90-92f
Harkness, M.  167
health benefits  4, 9
Helm, E.J.  95
Hennessey, B.  148
Herzog, A.  9
Hester, D.  9
history of intramurals  6-7
houses  31-32
Howard, B.  151
Hunter, G.M.  9
Hurtes, K.  9
Hyde, R.  9
I
ice arena safety checklist  120, 121f
ice hockey registration form  218f, 219
inclusion  86-96
intramural council  36
intramural department  36-39
intramural director 
meetings held by  58
paid staff of  46-52
role of  36, 39
training by  52, 54-58
volunteers under  39-46
intramural handbook  241-246
intramural program
mission statement for  13-19
policies  83-126
steps in designing  18
intramural programming
activities  182-187
chapter summary exercises on  194
defined  179
eligible participants and  180-182 
sample activities for the year  189-194
special events  187-189
intramurals
benefits of  8-10
chapter summary exercises  10-11
defined  5
history of  6-7
purpose of  4-5
intramural season  29-30
Iso-Ahola, S.  9, 10
J
Jandris, T.  8
job descriptions  47, 48f
Johnson, M.  10
Johnson, O.  6
K
Kelley, W.  95
Kelly, J.  9
Kestner, J.  54, 57, 236
Kirshnit, C.  10
Kleiber, D.  10, 93
Kraus, R.,  5
L
Lam, L.  10
La Verde, D.  10
leadership 
defined  5
fair play and  101-102
intramural department  36-39
intramural director  36, 39
paid staff  46-52
self-esteem and  8-9
volunteers  39-46
leagues and tournaments
chapter summary exercises on  212-213
defined  27, 198
double-elimination tournaments  199, 200f, 206t, 209
extended tournaments  209-210
format selection guidelines  205-208t
implementation process for  213f
multi-level tournaments  199, 201, 206t
round-robin tournaments  201f-202, 206t, 209
seeding and byes  203-205
single-elimination tournaments  198, 199f, 206t
tie-breaking procedures for  202-203
tournament administration  210-212
tournament implementation evaluation  213, 214f
Lee, M.  8
legal forms  109-114f
live promotion  134-135
Lore, J.  186
Lumpkin, A.  236
Lundy, K.  87
M
Macera, C.  9
Mann, T.  56, 57
May, S.  39
McGregor, I.  117
Medelson, E.  137
memorabilia  139
mission statement  13-19
multi-level tournaments  199, 201, 206t
Murray, C.  56
Myers, A.  9
O
officials
award for  152
chapter summary exercises on  82
code of ethics for  76, 78, 80f
compensation for  70-71
duties of  71-75, 115, 124-125, 223
evaluation of  78, 81f
fair play and  102
head  39, 48f
major  76
minor  76
people skills of  70
pre-game and post-game checklists for  76, 77f, 78f
recruitment of  75-76
rewards for  67
role of  66
student  42
training for  67-70
open participation  30-31
P
Paffenbarger, R.  9
participants of intramural programming
alumni  180-181
community members  181
eligibility  114-115, 180, 181-182
faculty and staff  181
families of students  181 
female  87, 89-90, 91
inclusive program for  86-96
students  180
participation fees  162, 163
peer officiating  42
Peng, S.  40
Phillips, M.  92
physical education, defined  6
pick-up games  31
play, defined  5
player abuse  74-75
playful game  6f
play-offs  27
policies.  See also fair play; safety
defined  84
fair play  99-100
role of  84-85
safety  114-124
posters  129, 130f, 131, 136
Pratt, M.  9
prayer, an athlete’s  103
Presley, E.  190
Prieto, D.  95
print promotion  135-136
prizes  156, 158
Proescher, L.  89
programming
activities  182-187
chapter summary exercises on  194
defined  179
eligible participants and  180-182 
sample activities for the year  189-194
special events  187-189
promotion
chapter summary exercises on  144-145
cost of  173
defined  128
effective  128-133
types of  133-144
Prophet, J.  15
purpose of intramurals  4-5
R
referees. See also officials
pre- and post-game checklists for  76, 77f, 78f
role of  66, 76
top complaints of  66
training for  67-70
registration forms  109, 112f, 216-219
Reich, J.  10
Riley, R.  89
Rivers, Doc  74
Rogers, W.  9
round-robin tournaments  201f-202, 206t, 209
Ryan, R.  148
S
safety
intramural directors and  124
legalities  108-114
officials and  71-75, 124-125
policies  114-124
schedule, annual  189-194
Schwartze, A.  6
scorecards  219, 220f-221f
scorekeepers  76, 79f
scoring  225-227
Sedlacek, W.  95
seeding and byes  203-205f
self-esteem  8-9
setup  223
sign-in  223-224
sign-up  30-33
signup sheets  109, 112f, 216-219
single-elimination tournaments  198, 199f, 206t
Smith, S.  87, 89
sociability  9-10
special events  27, 187-189
spirit of competition agreement  97, 98f
sponsorship  167-169
sport clubs  28, 186-187
sportsmanship  96-99. See also fair play
sports offered in intramural programs  182-183
staff, paid
budgeting for  170-171
hiring  52
interviewing  49-52
job descriptions for  47, 48
recruiting  47, 49
training  52, 54-58
Stein, E.  6, 7
structure, program
chapter summary exercises on  33
defined  26-27
facilities  24-26, 171
leagues and tournaments  27, 197-214
sign-up  30-33
timing  28-30
student intramural association  41-42
students
age of  87, 180
female  87, 89-90, 91
inclusive program for  86-96
as volunteers  39-43
Suits, B.  6
suspensions  227, 228f
T
team captains  42-43, 97, 223
terminology, basic  5-6
Tharp, L.  89
timers and scorekeepers  76, 79f
timing  28-30
tournaments
administration of  210-212
chapter summary exercises on  212-213
defined  27, 198
double-elimination  199, 200f, 206t, 209
extended  209-210
format selection guidelines  205-208t
implementation process for  213f
multi-level  199, 201, 206t
round-robin  201f-202, 206t, 209
seeding and byes  203-205
single-elimination  198, 199f, 206t
tie-breaking procedures for  202-203
tournament implementation evaluation  213, 214f
Tower, A.  227
Tudor-Locke, C.  9
U
umpires  66, 76, 152. See also officials
V
VanderWier, J.  96
Vandyke, R.  8
varsity athletics  6
Velicer, W.J.  132
volunteers 
hiring  44-45
interviewing  44
managing  45-46
recruiting  43-44
staff  43
student  39-43
W
Wang, G.  9
Wasson, Dr. W.  7
weather policy  118
Web site, intramural  136-137
Whitney, A. S.  5
Wilhite, B.  93
Winterfest  188
Winter Olympics  191, 192, 193
Z
Zantra, A.  10

About the Author
John Byl, PhD, is a professor physical education and the intramural director at Redeemer University College in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He directed physical education programs and coached various sports for 23 years at the community, high school, and college levels. He is a national board member of the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association, and executive member of the Ontario College Committee on Campus Recreation, and vice president of the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association-Ontario.
Byl received his PhD in organization, administration, and policy, specializing in the social-foundations division, from the State University of New York at Buffalo. He earned a master of human kinetics degree from the University of Windsor and a bachelor of physical education degree from the University of British Columbia.
Author of Ongoing Successful Tournaments, Co-Ed Recreational Games, and Minor Games Manual, Byl has also contributed chapters to several other books and has published many articles and proceedings on sports and physical education.